If, for whatever reason, your Xbox One can read physical game discs well enough to authenticate the disc and boot into already installed games, but has problems doing a full installation off disc, don't lose hope!
You can install your physical game disc over the network instead.
- Insert game and start the installation.
- Cancel the installation but leave the disc inserted.
- Go to the Xbox Store and search for the game.
- Instead of the option to Buy, you'll see "Install". Select it.
- The game will download from the Xbox Store instead of the disc.